This chapter initially examines the concepts of physical and mental health and wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as they were understood and practiced over the vast majority of the last 40,000 years or so. The devastating consequences of the European colonisation of Australia for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are described. Tracking global developments in human rights, the chapter concludes with some innovative thinking from Australia and overseas that may assist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to regain their ‘health’ that has been so significantly lost.